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Framingham vs ASCVD vs Reynolds: Heart Risk Calculators Compared

Quick Answer: The ASCVD Risk Calculator (Pooled Cohort Equations) is the current US guideline standard for ages 40-75 and is the most widely used in clinical practice. The Framingham Risk Score is the classic older calculator that predicts more types of cardiovascular events. The Reynolds Risk Score adds inflammation markers (hsCRP) and may perform better in higher socioeconomic populations. For most patients, use ASCVD; for intermediate-risk patients or those seeking more precision, consider adding Reynolds or coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring.

Understanding Cardiovascular Risk Calculators

Cardiovascular risk calculators estimate your probability of having a heart attack, stroke, or other cardiovascular event within the next 10 years. They use factors like age, sex, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking status, and diabetes to generate a risk percentage. If your 10-year risk is 7.5%, that means 7.5 out of 100 people with your profile would experience a cardiovascular event in the next decade.

These calculators guide treatment decisions—specifically whether you should start taking a statin (cholesterol-lowering medication), intensify blood pressure control, or make aggressive lifestyle changes. The challenge: there are multiple risk calculators, each using slightly different variables and developed from different patient populations. This guide helps you understand which calculator is right for you.

Side-by-Side Comparison

| Feature | Framingham Risk Score | ASCVD Risk Calculator | Reynolds Risk Score | |---------|----------------------|----------------------|-------------------| | Year developed | 1998-2008 (updated versions) | 2013 | 2007 (men), 2008 (women) | | Guideline status | Older, still used internationally | Current US guideline standard (ACC/AHA 2013, 2018) | Alternative/supplemental tool | | Age range | 30-74 years | 40-79 years (validated 40-75) | 45+ years | | Population studied | Mostly white (Framingham, MA) | Multi-ethnic (white, Black, Asian, Hispanic) | Initially white, higher socioeconomic status | | Risk factors included | Age, sex, total cholesterol, HDL, BP, smoking, diabetes | Age, sex, total cholesterol, HDL, BP, smoking, diabetes, race | Same as ASCVD + hsCRP + parental history of MI before age 60 | | Unique factors | None (standard risk factors) | Includes race-specific equations | hsCRP (inflammation), family history | | Outcomes predicted | Hard CHD (MI, coronary death) OR General CVD (includes angina, HF, stroke, TIA) | Hard ASCVD (MI, stroke, coronary death, fatal stroke) | MI, stroke, coronary revascularization, cardiovascular death | | Risk categories | <10% low, 10-20% intermediate, >20% high | <5% low, 5-7.4% borderline, 7.5-19.9% intermediate, ≥20% high | <10% low, 10-20% intermediate, >20% high | | Best for | International use, historical comparisons | Primary prevention in US clinical practice (guideline-concordant) | Intermediate-risk patients, adds inflammation marker | | Limitations | May underestimate risk in non-white populations | May overestimate in higher SES, underestimate in lower SES | Requires hsCRP blood test (not always available) | | Used for statin decisions | Previously (pre-2013) | Yes (current US guideline) | Supplemental, not primary guideline tool |

Framingham Risk Score: The Original Calculator

How Framingham Works

Developed from the famous Framingham Heart Study (ongoing since 1948 in Framingham, Massachusetts), the Framingham Risk Score was the first widely used cardiovascular risk calculator. There are actually two versions:

Framingham CHD (Hard Coronary Heart Disease) Risk Score - Predicts hard events: myocardial infarction (heart attack) and coronary death
Framingham General CVD Risk Profile - Predicts broader cardiovascular events: MI, stroke, heart failure, angina, TIA, claudication

Most clinical use refers to the CHD score. The calculator uses age, sex, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and diabetes to estimate 10-year risk.

Advantages of Framingham

1. Historical gold standard: For decades (1990s-2013), Framingham was the primary risk calculator used in clinical practice. Most older cardiovascular research and prevention trials used Framingham for risk stratification, making it a well-understood benchmark.

2. Simple and widely available: Framingham requires only basic lab values (total cholesterol, HDL) and vital signs that are routinely collected in clinical practice. No special tests like hsCRP are needed.

3. Multiple versions for different outcomes: The general CVD version predicts a broader range of cardiovascular events including heart failure, angina, and claudication—not just MI and stroke. This can be useful for comprehensive risk assessment.

4. International use: Because it's been around longer, Framingham is still commonly used outside the United States where ASCVD may not be as widely adopted. Many international guidelines still reference Framingham.

5. Validated in many populations: Framingham has been externally validated in dozens of studies worldwide, though with mixed results depending on the population.

Limitations of Framingham

1. Lacks racial/ethnic diversity: The original Framingham cohort was predominantly white individuals from a single Massachusetts town in the 1940s-1970s. This limits applicability to diverse populations. Studies show Framingham may overestimate risk in some populations and underestimate in others.

2. Outdated population data: The cohort data is from an era when smoking rates were higher, cholesterol levels were higher, and modern treatments (statins, ACE inhibitors) weren't available. Cardiovascular disease incidence has declined since then, so Framingham may overestimate risk in contemporary populations with better treatment and prevention.

3. Not aligned with current US guidelines: The 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines specifically recommend the ASCVD Risk Calculator over Framingham. Using Framingham may lead to treatment decisions that don't align with current guideline-based statin recommendations.

4. Different endpoint definitions: The "hard CHD" version only predicts MI and coronary death, missing stroke. The "general CVD" version includes soft endpoints (angina, claudication) that may not warrant statin therapy, potentially leading to overtreatment.

5. Less accurate in intermediate-risk patients: For patients with 10-20% 10-year risk—the group where treatment decisions are most uncertain—Framingham's calibration may not be optimal. This is the group that most needs accurate risk stratification.

ASCVD Risk Calculator (Pooled Cohort Equations): The Current Guideline Standard

How ASCVD Works

The ASCVD Risk Calculator uses the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE), developed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) in 2013. Unlike Framingham, which derived from a single cohort, the PCE pooled data from multiple diverse cohorts including white and Black individuals from different regions and time periods.

The calculator estimates 10-year risk of "hard ASCVD events": non-fatal MI, coronary death, fatal or non-fatal stroke. It uses the same basic risk factors as Framingham (age, sex, cholesterol, HDL, blood pressure, smoking, diabetes) but adds race-specific equations for white and Black individuals.

Risk categories guide treatment:

<5%: Low risk - lifestyle modifications
5-7.4%: Borderline risk - lifestyle modifications, consider statin if risk enhancers present
7.5-19.9%: Intermediate risk - statin therapy recommended, consider CAC score if uncertain
≥20%: High risk - statin therapy strongly recommended

Advantages of ASCVD

1. Current US guideline standard: The 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines explicitly recommend the ASCVD Risk Calculator for primary prevention in adults ages 40-75. Using ASCVD ensures alignment with guideline-based care and evidence-based statin recommendations.

2. More diverse population data: By pooling multiple cohorts, the PCE includes more racial and ethnic diversity than Framingham. Separate equations exist for white and Black individuals, improving accuracy in these groups.

3. Contemporary data: The cohorts used to develop the PCE are more recent than Framingham, better reflecting modern cardiovascular disease epidemiology, treatment patterns, and lifestyle factors.

4. Predicts hard endpoints only: The ASCVD calculator focuses on hard clinical events (MI, stroke, death) rather than softer endpoints like angina or claudication. This prevents overtreatment based on less serious outcomes.

5. Integrates with CAC scoring: The 2018 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline updates emphasize using coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring to refine risk in intermediate-risk patients (7.5-20%). The workflow is designed specifically for ASCVD: if ASCVD risk is intermediate and decision is uncertain, get CAC score. CAC = 0 favors deferring statin; CAC ≥100 favors starting statin.

6. Widely implemented in EHR systems: Because it's the guideline-recommended tool, the ASCVD calculator is built into most electronic health record (EHR) systems, making it easy for clinicians to use during patient visits.

Limitations of ASCVD

1. May overestimate risk in some populations: Multiple studies have shown the ASCVD calculator can overestimate risk by 10-30% in certain populations, particularly higher socioeconomic status individuals, those with well-controlled risk factors, and some international cohorts. This could lead to overtreatment with statins.

2. May underestimate risk in other populations: Conversely, the ASCVD calculator may underestimate risk in lower socioeconomic status populations, individuals with chronic inflammatory diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV), South Asian populations, and those with family history of premature cardiovascular disease. These "risk enhancers" aren't captured by the standard model.

3. Limited to two racial groups: While an improvement over Framingham, the PCE only includes specific equations for white and Black individuals. For Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and other populations, clinicians are instructed to use the white or Black equations, which may not be accurate.

4. Age restriction: The ASCVD calculator is validated only for ages 40-75. For younger adults (20s-30s) with risk factors, or adults over 75, the calculator shouldn't be used. This leaves a gap for risk assessment in these groups.

5. Doesn't include family history or inflammation: Unlike Reynolds, the ASCVD calculator doesn't account for family history of premature cardiovascular disease or inflammatory markers (hsCRP). These are known risk factors that can reclassify intermediate-risk patients.

Reynolds Risk Score: The Refined Alternative

How Reynolds Works

The Reynolds Risk Score was developed in 2007 (men) and 2008 (women) by researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. It was designed to improve upon Framingham by adding two additional risk factors:

hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) - A marker of inflammation measured with a blood test
Parental history of MI before age 60 - Family history of premature heart disease

The Reynolds Risk Score predicts 10-year risk of MI, stroke, coronary revascularization (stent or bypass), and cardiovascular death. Studies showed Reynolds improved cardiovascular risk prediction compared to Framingham, particularly in women, with better calibration and reclassification of intermediate-risk patients.

Advantages of Reynolds

1. Includes inflammation marker (hsCRP): Elevated hsCRP indicates chronic inflammation, which is increasingly recognized as a key driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Adding hsCRP improves risk prediction, particularly for patients with otherwise normal cholesterol and blood pressure but elevated inflammation.

2. Incorporates family history: Parental history of premature MI (before age 60) doubles cardiovascular risk even after accounting for traditional risk factors. Reynolds captures this genetic/familial component that Framingham and ASCVD miss.

3. Better performance in certain populations: Research suggests Reynolds performs better than the PCE in higher socioeconomic status populations, where ASCVD tends to overestimate risk. For intermediate-risk patients, Reynolds can reclassify 40-50% of women and 20% of men.

4. Includes revascularization as an endpoint: Unlike Framingham or ASCVD (which only count MI/stroke/death), Reynolds includes coronary revascularization procedures (stents, bypass surgery). This is a meaningful clinical outcome that affects quality of life and healthcare costs.

5. Sex-specific development: Reynolds was developed separately for men and women using large sex-specific cohorts (Women's Health Study, Physicians' Health Study), potentially improving accuracy compared to combined-sex equations.

Limitations of Reynolds

1. Requires hsCRP test: Getting an hsCRP level requires an additional blood test beyond the standard lipid panel. Not all patients have hsCRP measured routinely, which limits the calculator's accessibility. The test costs ~$20-50 but is often covered by insurance.

2. Not a guideline-recommended tool: The ACC/AHA guidelines recommend ASCVD, not Reynolds. Using Reynolds alone could lead to treatment decisions that don't align with guideline-based care, which matters for quality metrics, insurance coverage, and medicolegal considerations.

3. Less validation in diverse populations: The original Reynolds cohorts were predominantly white, higher socioeconomic status, health-conscious individuals (Women's Health Study participants, male physicians). Performance in more diverse, real-world populations is less certain.

4. hsCRP variability: hsCRP can be elevated transiently due to acute infections, injuries, or other inflammatory conditions unrelated to cardiovascular risk. If measured during illness, hsCRP could falsely elevate the risk estimate. Repeat testing when healthy is recommended.

5. Limited clinical implementation: Unlike ASCVD, Reynolds isn't widely built into EHR systems, so clinicians may need to use external calculators, reducing convenience and adoption.

Which Calculator Should You Use?

Use ASCVD If:

✓ You're following current US guidelines (2013-2018 ACC/AHA): If you want to ensure guideline-concordant care, ASCVD is the recommended tool. This is especially important for clinicians, quality reporting, and insurance considerations.

✓ You're ages 40-75 and starting primary prevention: This is ASCVD's validated age range and intended use case. For most patients in this group, ASCVD is the appropriate first-line calculator.

✓ You don't have hsCRP available: ASCVD doesn't require hsCRP, only standard lipid panel and blood pressure. If you can't easily get an hsCRP test, ASCVD is more practical.

✓ You need to decide about starting a statin: The 7.5% threshold in ASCVD directly maps to the guideline recommendation for statin therapy. This makes shared decision-making with your doctor more straightforward.

✓ You're white or Black: ASCVD has race-specific equations that may improve accuracy for these populations compared to Framingham's predominantly white cohort.

Use Reynolds If:

✓ You have a strong family history of premature heart disease: If both your parents or a sibling had MI before age 60, Reynolds captures this genetic risk that ASCVD misses. Family history can significantly increase your risk.

✓ You're in the intermediate-risk range (5-20%) and want more precision: Reynolds was specifically designed to better stratify intermediate-risk patients. If ASCVD puts you at 10-15% risk and you're uncertain about starting a statin, Reynolds may reclassify you to higher or lower risk, clarifying the decision.

✓ You have elevated hsCRP with otherwise normal risk factors: If your cholesterol and blood pressure are good but hsCRP is >2 mg/L, Reynolds will capture this inflammation-driven risk. This is especially relevant if you have conditions like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, or chronic infections.

✓ You're a woman seeking more accurate risk assessment: Reynolds was specifically validated in large women's cohorts and may perform better than Framingham or ASCVD for women, who are often underrepresented in cardiovascular research.

✓ You're higher socioeconomic status or well-educated: Studies suggest ASCVD may overestimate risk in these populations, while Reynolds calibrates better. If ASCVD gives you high risk but you feel healthy, Reynolds might provide a more realistic estimate.

Use Framingham If:

✓ You're outside the US and local guidelines reference Framingham: Many international guidelines still use Framingham. If you're being treated based on non-US guidelines, Framingham may be more appropriate for consistency.

✓ You want to predict a broader range of cardiovascular events: The Framingham General CVD Risk Profile includes heart failure, angina, TIA, and claudication in addition to MI/stroke. If you want a more comprehensive cardiovascular health picture, Framingham General CVD provides this.

✓ You're ages 30-39: ASCVD isn't validated below age 40. For younger adults with risk factors, Framingham extends down to age 30, though accuracy in this age group is uncertain for all calculators.

✓ You're comparing to historical studies: Most cardiovascular prevention research from 1990-2013 used Framingham. If you're comparing your risk to historical benchmarks or older studies, Framingham provides consistency.

The Best Approach: Start with ASCVD, Refine with Additional Tools

For most patients and clinicians in the United States, the recommended strategy is:

Step 1: Calculate ASCVD risk - This is the guideline-recommended starting point.

Step 2: Stratify by risk category:

<5% (low risk): Lifestyle modifications, no statin. Consider Reynolds or CAC only if strong family history or other concerns.
5-7.4% (borderline): Lifestyle modifications. Consider Reynolds if risk enhancers present (family history, elevated hsCRP, chronic inflammatory disease, high Lp(a), metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, South Asian ancestry, history of preeclampsia). If still uncertain, get CAC score.
7.5-19.9% (intermediate): Statin therapy recommended. If uncertain or patient hesitant, use shared decision-making with CAC score and/or Reynolds to refine risk. CAC = 0 may defer statin. CAC ≥100 or Reynolds reclassifying to high risk favors statin.
≥20% (high risk): Statin strongly recommended. Additional calculators usually not needed—benefit is clear.

Step 3: Add risk enhancers not captured by ASCVD:

Family history of premature MI (Reynolds captures this)
Chronic inflammatory diseases (lupus, RA, psoriasis, HIV, chronic kidney disease)
High Lp(a) (>50 mg/dL), triglycerides >175, metabolic syndrome
South Asian ancestry (higher risk than standard white equations)
Women with pregnancy complications (preeclampsia, gestational diabetes)

Step 4: Get CAC score if still uncertain - For intermediate-risk patients (7.5-20%) where the decision is unclear, coronary artery calcium scoring is the most evidence-based next step. CAC = 0 suggests very low risk; CAC >100 confirms high risk and favors statin.

Common Scenarios and Recommendations

Scenario 1: 52-year-old woman, no family history, total cholesterol 220, HDL 55, BP 130/80, non-smoker, no diabetes → Use ASCVD. This is a straightforward primary prevention case. ASCVD risk is ~6% (borderline). Discuss lifestyle modifications and consider statin if risk enhancers are present. No need for Reynolds unless she has elevated hsCRP or other concerns.

Scenario 2: 45-year-old man, both parents had MI at age 55, cholesterol 200, HDL 45, BP 120/75, non-smoker → Use ASCVD, then add Reynolds. ASCVD risk might be ~8% (intermediate). But strong family history isn't captured. Reynolds will increase his risk appropriately, likely reclassifying to >10-12%, making the statin decision clearer.

Scenario 3: 60-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis, cholesterol 190, HDL 40, BP 140/85, non-smoker, no diabetes → Use ASCVD with risk enhancer consideration, or add Reynolds. ASCVD might show ~9% risk. But RA is a chronic inflammatory disease. Check hsCRP—if elevated, Reynolds will capture inflammation-driven risk. CAC score could also be useful here.

Scenario 4: 65-year-old woman, college professor, exercises regularly, cholesterol 240, HDL 70, BP 125/80, non-smoker → Use ASCVD, consider Reynolds for refinement. ASCVD might give 12% risk and recommend statin. But she's higher SES and physically active—ASCVD may overestimate. Reynolds or CAC score could refine estimate. If CAC = 0, consider deferring statin and reassessing in 3-5 years.

Scenario 5: 38-year-old man with familial hypercholesterolemia, total cholesterol 320, strong family history → Don't rely on any calculator. Very high cholesterol (>300) or known genetic disorder indicates high risk regardless of calculator. Statin therapy strongly recommended. Calculators are designed for moderate risk; this patient needs treatment based on lipid levels alone.

Scenario 6: 72-year-old woman, healthy, no medications, borderline risk factors → Use ASCVD carefully (upper age limit), but shared decision-making is key. Age >75 is less validated. Benefits of statin therapy are less clear in healthy older adults without established disease. Focus on quality of life, medication burden, and life expectancy rather than risk scores.

Key Takeaways

ASCVD is the current US guideline standard (2013/2018 ACC/AHA) for ages 40-75 and should be the primary calculator for most patients.
Reynolds adds precision with hsCRP and family history, useful for intermediate-risk patients where treatment decisions are uncertain.
Framingham is the historical gold standard but has been superseded by ASCVD in US practice; still used internationally and for historical comparisons.
No calculator is perfect—all may over- or underestimate risk in certain populations. Use clinical judgment and risk enhancers not captured by the scores.
The 7.5% threshold in ASCVD maps to statin therapy recommendations, making it practical for treatment decisions.
CAC scoring is the most evidence-based refinement tool for intermediate-risk patients (7.5-20%) when the decision is unclear.
Family history and chronic inflammation are powerful risk factors not included in standard ASCVD; Reynolds or clinical judgment should account for these.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why did US guidelines switch from Framingham to ASCVD in 2013?

The 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines adopted the ASCVD Risk Calculator (Pooled Cohort Equations) because it was developed from more diverse, contemporary populations than Framingham. The PCE pooled data from multiple cohorts including Black and white individuals from different regions and time periods, making it more representative of the modern US population. The guidelines committee determined that ASCVD better predicted hard cardiovascular events (MI, stroke, death) in contemporary practice, where risk factor management has improved since the Framingham era. The switch also aligned risk assessment with evidence-based statin therapy recommendations.

Can I use more than one calculator?

Yes, and this is often recommended for intermediate-risk patients (5-20% 10-year risk). Start with ASCVD as the guideline-recommended tool. If the result is borderline or you have risk factors not captured (family history, inflammation, chronic disease), calculate Reynolds for comparison. If the two calculators give very different results, this suggests uncertainty—consider CAC scoring to refine the estimate. Using multiple calculators can help bracket your true risk and improve confidence in treatment decisions. However, avoid "calculator shopping" (trying many calculators until you get the result you want)—use a systematic approach as described above.

What is a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and when should I get one?

A CAC score measures the amount of calcium (plaque) in your coronary arteries using a specialized CT scan. Score ranges: 0 (no plaque), 1-99 (mild plaque), 100-399 (moderate plaque), ≥400 (extensive plaque). CAC = 0 suggests very low risk even if risk calculator is elevated; CAC ≥100 confirms significant atherosclerosis and high risk. The 2018 ACC/AHA guidelines recommend CAC scoring for intermediate-risk patients (7.5-20%) when the decision about statin therapy is uncertain. CAC is especially useful when ASCVD and Reynolds disagree, or when a patient is hesitant about statins despite intermediate risk. The scan costs $75-150, takes 10 minutes, and uses low-dose radiation.

Which calculator is most accurate?

No single calculator is most accurate for all patients—accuracy depends on how closely you match the populations used to develop each calculator. Research comparing the three shows: ASCVD performs best in diverse US populations but may overestimate in higher SES groups. Reynolds performs better in higher SES, predominantly white populations and adds value through hsCRP and family history. Framingham may overestimate in contemporary populations due to outdated cohort data. External validation studies show all three have modest accuracy (C-statistic 0.7-0.8), meaning they correctly rank patients by risk but absolute risk estimates can be off by 20-50% for individuals. This is why additional tools (CAC score, risk enhancers, shared decision-making) are important.

Should I get an hsCRP test to use the Reynolds calculator?

If you're in the intermediate-risk range (5-20%) and the decision about statin therapy is uncertain, adding hsCRP to calculate Reynolds risk can be helpful. hsCRP >2 mg/L indicates elevated inflammation and increases cardiovascular risk independent of cholesterol. This is particularly useful if you have chronic inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease), metabolic syndrome, or family history of premature heart disease. The test costs ~$20-50, is often covered by insurance, and requires a simple blood draw. However, if ASCVD clearly shows low risk (<5%) or high risk (≥20%), hsCRP probably won't change the treatment decision and may not be necessary.

What if my ASCVD risk is high but I feel healthy?

This is a common concern, especially for older adults or those with borderline high risk (15-20%). Remember: cardiovascular disease is often asymptomatic until a heart attack or stroke occurs—"feeling healthy" doesn't mean arteries are healthy. However, if you're skeptical of the risk estimate, consider: (1) Get a CAC score—if CAC = 0, risk is likely lower than ASCVD predicts, and you might defer statin therapy. (2) Calculate Reynolds—if it gives a significantly lower risk (e.g., ASCVD says 18%, Reynolds says 11%), this suggests ASCVD may be overestimating. (3) Review risk enhancers—do you have factors that increase risk (family history, chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome) or decrease it (excellent diet/exercise, high socioeconomic status)? (4) Shared decision-making—discuss the risk-benefit trade-off with your doctor. If hesitant, consider a trial of lifestyle modifications for 3-6 months, recheck lipids, and reassess.

Do these calculators apply to people who already have heart disease?

No. These calculators are for primary prevention—estimating risk in people who have NOT had a heart attack, stroke, or coronary revascularization. If you already have established cardiovascular disease (prior MI, stroke, stent, bypass surgery, known coronary disease on angiography), you're automatically high risk and need statin therapy regardless of calculator results. The same applies to secondary prevention after a cardiovascular event—calculators aren't used because treatment benefit is already established. For patients with diabetes ages 40-75, statins are generally recommended regardless of calculator risk.

How do I convert between different risk calculators' percentages?

You generally shouldn't "convert" between calculators because they predict slightly different outcomes (Framingham predicts CHD or general CVD; ASCVD predicts hard ASCVD; Reynolds includes revascularization). A 10% Framingham CHD risk is not equivalent to 10% ASCVD risk because the endpoints differ. Instead, interpret each calculator on its own scale using its specific risk categories. If you must compare, understand that Framingham General CVD tends to give higher percentages (more outcomes included), Reynolds is often intermediate, and Framingham CHD gives lower percentages (fewer outcomes). For treatment decisions, use the ASCVD thresholds (<5%, 5-7.4%, 7.5-20%, ≥20%) regardless of which calculator you use.

Related Tools and Resources

ASCVD Risk Calculator - Current US guideline-recommended cardiovascular risk calculator
Framingham Risk Score - Classic cardiovascular risk calculator
Reynolds Risk Score - Risk calculator including hsCRP and family history
Cholesterol Ratio Calculator - Calculate total cholesterol to HDL ratio
Complete Guide to Cardiology - Comprehensive cardiovascular health resource
Blood Pressure Categories - Understand hypertension staging

Sources

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Cardiovascular risk calculators are tools to guide shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers. Treatment decisions should be individualized based on your complete medical history, preferences, and discussion with your doctor. Do not start or stop medications based solely on calculator results.

Disclaimer: This tool is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about your health.